Geographical Indications and Public Good Relationships: Evidence and Policy Implications

In the European context, geographical indications (GIs) are tools that contribute to achievement of rural development policy objectives. this article, we propose GI value chains produce positive environmental, social and economic benefits, defined as Public Goods (PGs), resulting from rules in Code Specifications (CoS). This article reports main results Strength2food H2020 project, designed assessing impact GIs (through their CoSs) on agri-food system sustainability. Specifically, report highlights CoSs may generate PGs through codified presented good practices production for other systems. Some final recommendations proposed analysis those which generation and, consequently, improvement a sustainable process. Case studies analysed show requires both an internal external intervention. The former intervention implies governance strategies territorial systems can improve PGs. latter entails consumers stakeholder communication raise awareness regarding PG generation. These interventions will ultimately increase GIs. Dans le contexte européen, les géographiques (IG) sont des outils qui contribuent à la réalisation objectifs de politique développement rural. cet nous suggérons que chaînes valeur IG apportent, du fait règles définies dans Cahier charges (CdC), avantages environnementaux, sociaux et économiques positifs, définis comme biens d’intérêt public (BP). Cet rapporte principaux résultats projet H2020, conçu pour évaluer l'impact (au travers leurs CdC) sur durabilité systèmes agroalimentaires. Plus précisément, ce rapport souligne CdC peuvent générer BP codifiées présentées bonnes pratiques BP, transposables d'autres d’IG. Quelques recommandations finales proposées partir l'analyse ces et, par conséquent, l'amélioration d'un processus durable. Les études cas analysées montrent nécessite fois une interne externe. Le premier type d’intervention implique stratégies gouvernance territoriaux améliorer BP. second demande vers consommateurs d’autres parties prenantes sensibiliser Ces augmenteront terme sociale IG. Im europäischen Kontext sind geografische Herkunftsangaben Instrumente, die zur Zielerreichung der ländlichen Entwicklungspolitik beitragen. diesem Artikel zeigen wir, dass Wertschöpfungsketten von Produkten mit geografischen ökologische, soziale und wirtschaftliche Vorteile sich bringen. Sie werden als öffentliche Güter definiert, aus den Qualitätsregelungen im „Code Specifications“ (CoS) ergeben. wichtigsten Ergebnisse H2020-Projekts „Strength2food“ vorgestellt. Darin Auswirkungen auf Nachhaltigkeit Agrar- Lebensmittelsystemen bewertet. Insbesondere wird Bericht hervorgehoben, CoS zu Good-Practice-Beispiele für Erzeugung anderen öffentlichen Gütern Hinblick dienen können. Auf Grundlage Analyse dieser bewährten Verfahren Einführung damit Verbesserung eines nachhaltigen Entwicklungsprozesses abschließend einige Empfehlungen ausgesprochen. Die Fallstudien zeigen, Schaffung sowohl eine auch externe Intervention erfordert. erste impliziert Governance-Strategien Gebietsabgrenzungen Wertschöpfungsketten, Produktion verbessern zweite umfasst Kommunikationsstrategien Verbraucher Verbraucherinnen andere Interessengruppen, um das Bewusstsein schärfen. Diese Interventionen letztendlich sozialen Wert Produkte erhöhen. Geographical Indications distinctive signs used identify product whose quality, reputation or characteristics relate its origin. According EU Regulation 1151/2012, realisation objectives private goods is expected result indirect identifiable (PGs) (Kaul al., 1999). Consequently, development, assessed related PGs, impacted by sustainability food (Belletti 2017). managed collective actions stakeholders interact (Arfini 2019a). positively local communities preservation relationship between producing externalities, i.e. benefits wider society. use resources factors 2019a b; Belletti 2017, Mancini 2019) CoS. hypothesis was tested part Horizon2020 ‘Strength2food’ project (www.strength2food.eu). areas (Bellassen 2022) investigated Rules support proven cross-fertilise foster management valorisation over time. 19 14 countries were selected (Table 1) have best coverage among partner highest number categories represented. Wine exception, beyond scope research. published ‘Strategic Guide Sustainable Food Quality Schemes’ 2021). Comté Cheese Parmigiano Reggiano France Italy Dalmatian Prosciutto Gyulai Sausage Sobrasada Porc Negre Croatia Hungary Spain Loften Stockfish Ternasco Aragorn Lamb Norway Opperdoezer Ronde Potatoes Zagora Apples Netherlands Greece Kastoria Kaszubska Strawberries Poland Kalocsai Paprika Olive Oil Phu Quok Fish Sauce Vietnam Buon Ma Thuot Coffee Doi Chaang Thailand report, well action inferred thus case agents chain involved area. they be considered technical, ‘compromise’ (Brunori 2016) has different impacts production. segmented act ‘good practices’ producers facing same issues. From performed comparison studies, some three reported below PG. PDO hard cheese, © Creative Commons. Adopting carbon footprint control management. Good methods entail lower energy use, enabling CO2 emissions reduction fertilisers, diesel cultivation, electricity storage (e.g. potatoes). Moreover, shorter transportation distance travelled raw materials area origin point sale decrease transportation. Animal dietary composition also affects emissions. Healthy diets cattle lifetime, lessens ‘carbon deadweight’ unproductive heifers cull cows. addition, forage less fertiliser fuel field operations than amount required silage maize. Extensive farming F.lli Brugnoli Farm, Bardi, Parma, Italy. inspired traditional strive guarantee quality. these often respond cultural, socioeconomic environmental priorities communities. it important aware productive externalities perceived would reinforce concept envisioned 1151/2012 community agricultural policy’s objective towards However, cannot assumed occur without effort, precise strategy willingness implementation. respect, could find authorities implementing policies research measuring effects actions. “It indication goods.” “Il est producteurs d'indications soient conscients productives génèrent également externalités positives être perçues public.” “Es ist wichtig, Erzeuger Erzeugerinnen geografischer bewusst sind, ihre produktiven Handlungen positiven externen Effekten führen, wahrgenommen können.” Coffee, Thailand. Open Access Funding provided Universita degli Studi di Parma within CRUI-CARE Agreement.